This fact has key implications for the building up of the periodic table of elements. The ordering of the electrons in the ground state of multielectron atoms, starts with the lowest energy state (ground state) and moves progressively from there up the energy scale until each of the atom’s electrons has been assigned a unique set of quantum numbers. It is the Pauli exclusion principle that requires the electrons in an atom to occupy different energy levels instead of them all condensing in the ground state. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10 -19 coulombs. The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number (or the proton number) of the atom and is given the symbol Z. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The chemical properties of the atom are determined by the number of protons, in fact, by number and arrangement of electrons. There is a recurring pattern called the “periodic law” in their properties, in which elements in the same column (group) have similar properties. Generally, within one row (period) the elements are metals to the left, and non-metals to the right, with the elements having similar chemical behaviours placed in the same column.Įvery solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. It is organized in order of increasing atomic number. and 7.period).The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements. the „Nonides“ and â€Å❭ecinides“), since two weeks the 11.and 12.(with – according to kinesiological test / muscle test – a more complicated structure than 6. Since two months I use the 9.and 10.period (incl. (In common : Add to the number of the elements of the 7.period / Actinides 32 to get to the corresponding element of the 8.period / „Octinides“, 64 to get to the 9./ „Nonides“ and 96 to get to the 10.period and the â€Å❭ecinides“.) period stage 4 to 18 are built up by e.no. serie / period (including analogically to Lanthanides and Actinides the „Octinides“). period ? Maybe it isn't the last one ? - About 6 months I prescribe elements / compounds of elements of the (hypothetical) 8. German: Homoopathie und die Elemente - 2000 - ISBN: 90-7Īnd above the 7. A more extensive description will be given at the start of each chapter.ĭutch: Homeopathie en de Elementen - 1996 - ISBN: 90-74817-033Įnglish: Homoeopathy and the Elements - 2000 - ISBN: 90-74817-05-X To give you an impression of the correlation between the series I have written a brief summary below. The second series is called Carbon series, and the third Silica series. The rows below Ferrum have been called Silver series and Gold series, after their most well known elements. You will be familiar with the term ‘Ferrum series’ from my previous book, but here I have used it in a broader context, representing all the elements of the 4th row of the periodic system, i.e. The word series also indicates that there is a progressive line of development from one series to the next.įor practical reasons I have named each series after its most characteristic element. Every series has its own theme, its own area of problems. In this book I will use the word ‘series’ to describe the horizontal rows in the periodic system. The Series of the periodic table are an essential tool in analyzing cases and remedies.īelow is an excerpt from Homeopathy and the Elements:
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